Astrolabe
Cometarium
Cross-Staff
Orrery
Sextants
Orrery
Description: An Orrery (sometimes referred to as a Planetarium) is a model of our solar system, showing the sun at the center and the Earth and other planets orbiting it. Orreries range in size from small hand-held devices to table-sized models over a meter wide.
While not used for navigation, orreries are still an important benchmark in the history of science: they mark the widespread acceptance of the Sun's presence at the center of the solar system. Many proudly display the gear-work that allows them to be cranked to a particular time, making an analogy with the idea of "God as Clock-maker" that was common at the time.
Related Instruments: Cometarium
Usage Dates: Devices such as the Antikythera Mechanism were built to show or calculate astronomical information before 100 BCE. The first known clockwork model of the solar system was created by Giovanni Dondi in 1348.
Images:
 Brass OrreryA brass orrery, showing Mercury, Venus, Earth with moon, Mars and its two moons, and Jupiter with moons. Photo from Flickr user raneko. |  Grand OrreryThe Grand Orrery at the Harvard Museum of Historical Scientific Instruments. |  Grand Orrery Close-UpA close-up on the planets and Sun of the Grand Orrery. |
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 GearsClose-up on the gears at the bottom of the Grand Orrery. |  Grand Orrery Metal CastsClose-up on metal casted figures of famous historical figures and painted constellations on side of Grand Orrery. Benjamin Franklin is showed with a lightning rod. |
Video:
More:
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The Grand Orrery at Harvard's eMuseum site, including a zoomable image.
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A description of planetariums from Museo Galileo.
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Wikipedia's pages on Orreries.
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The Real-time Orrery at the Long Now foundation, which turns at the same rate as our actual solar system.
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